Чтобы правильно зарядить любой литиевый аккумулятор, в первую очередь, необходимо знать рекомендации производителя. Вся информация о режимах эксплуатации прописана в спецификации (Datasheet) к конкретной модели. Правильная эксплуатация, в том числе и правильный заряд, это залог долгого срока службы любой АКБ. Существует множество видов химии и технологий изготовления, поэтому разным моделям аккумуляторов предписаны разные режимы зарядки. Если сравнивать со свинцовой АКБ, которая при перезаряде начинает «кипеть» и это безболезненно для ней некоторое время, то литиевому аккумулятору это категорически противопоказано.
Зарядка аккумулятора в устройстве.
В любом устройстве, работающем на литиевых аккумуляторах (телефон, шуруповерт итд.) за процесс заряда отвечает встроенный контроллер BMS. Он специально обучен для работы со своим аккумулятором. Контроллер регулирует ток и напряжение заряда и вовремя прекратит зарядку при нужном напряжении. В этом случае просто напросто для заряда нужно использовать оригинальное или со схожими характеристиками зарядное устройство . Важный момент для тех кто не дочитает статью до конца-заряжать большинство литиевых аккумуляторов нельзя при отрицательной температуре.
Зарядка аккумулятора вне устройства.
В случае с отдельным аккумулятором или аккумуляторной сборкой, нужно знать рекомендации по заряду (Datasheet) производителя. Каким током и до какого напряжения заряжать. При обычной зарядке практически всех литиевых аккумуляторов применяется метод заряда CC-CV. Контролируется зарядный ток и напряжение на аккумуляторе. Первый этап СС (Constant Current-стабилизированный ток) — поддерживается постоянный ток до достижения напряжения на аккумуляторе близкого к максимальному. Затем CV ( Constant Voltage — стабилизированное напряжение) — поддерживается постоянное напряжение. В итоге, при верхнем уровне напряжения заряда, зарядный ток упадет до нескольких мА и процесс заряда считается завершенным.
При зарядке недопустимо превышать максимальный ток и напряжение, при котором нужно остановить процесс. Иначе, при превышении тока заряда аккумулятор будет нагреваться. В результате это очень плохо отразится на его «здоровье». Может потерять ресурс, выйти из строя или взорваться (зависит от степени превышения тока и типа химии аккумулятора). При превышении напряжения заряда то же самое, не стоит пренебрегать этими правилами. Одна из основных причин возгорания аккумулятора- переЗАРЯД. Током меньшим, чем рекомендуемый, заряжать можно, просто это займет больше времени. Обычно максимальное напряжение для одной банки LiPo и Li Ion составляет 4,25 В. Для Lifepo4 3,65 В.
Рекомендуемый ток заряда обычно соответствует показателю половины емкости — С/2. Если емкость аккумулятора, С=3000 мА/ч, ток заряда нужен 1500 мА). В таком режиме аккумулятор от 0 до 100% зарядится примерно за 2,5 часа. Но есть модели допускающие более быструю зарядку токами, превышающими показатель 1С.
Зарядные устройства
Существует множество моделей специальных зарядных устройств способных зарядить отдельный литиевый аккумулятор. Они автоматически остановят заряд при достижении нужного напряжения. Другими словами, полностью контролируют процесс заряда. Некоторые модели имеют возможность регулировать зарядный ток, измерить ёмкость и внутреннее сопротивление аккумулятора. Перейти на страницу с зарядными устройствами. Некоторые зарядные устройства могутКак зарядить литиевый аккумулятор, так и разрядить его, чтобы узнать его реальную ёмкость.
Пример Datasheet литий ионного аккумулятора Boston Power Swing 5300:
В даташите видим следующую информацию:
- Номинальная емкость, С 5300 мА/ч
- Номинальная запасаемая энергия 19,3 Вт/ч
- Номинальное напряжение 3,65 В
- Плотность запасаемой энергии по весу 207 Вт/кг, по объёму 490 Вт/литр
- Номинальное внутреннее сопротивление 15,5 мОм
- Номинальное количество циклов заряд- разряд при 23 град. С при глубине разряда 100%, 90%, 80%
- Максимально допустимый ток РАЗРЯДки от 0% до 100% 13 А
- Допустимый десятисекундный импульс отдаваемой мощности до 1000 Вт/кг
- Далее режим стандартной зарядки — сначала заряжать стабилизированным током 3,7 А до напряжения 4,2 В. Затем поддерживая это напряжение заряжать до тех пор пока ток не упадет до 50 мА
- Максимально допустимый ток ЗАРЯДки 10,6 А
- Номинальная масса 93,5 г
- Диапазоны температур ЗАРЯДки -20 +60°С
- Диапазоны температур РАЗРЯДки -40 +70°С
- Температура хранения -40 +60°С
- График остаточной запасаемой емкости при разряде током С/2 до напряжения 2,75 В, температуре 23°С
Такой аккумулятор в нормальном режиме можно зарядить током 3,7 А. Зарядка при этом займет 5300 мА/ч/3700 мА = 1,5 часа.
В ускоренном режиме при токе зарядки 10,6 А достаточно менее часа. 5300мА/ч /10600мА =0,5 часа на режим СС и также на режим CV около 10 минут.
При ускоренной зарядке аккумулятор будет греться. Важно следить, чтобы его температура не превысила максимальную рекомендуемую температуру зарядки 60°С !
Зарядка при низких температурах.
Для большинства моделей зарядка при минусовой температуре вообще недопустима. Зарядка при отрицательной температуре вызывает осаждение металлического лития на анодном материале. Растут так называемые дендриты- кристаллы металлического лития. Это мешает здоровой работе и понижает срок эксплуатации. В итоге они могут прорости через сепаратор и замкнуть на катод. В этом случае возможно возгорание.
На сегодняшний день все литий-ионные аккумуляторы нельзя заряжать при отрицательной температуре. Некоторые модели литий-железо-фосфатных аккумуляторов и все литий-титанатные можно заряжать при отрицательной температуре.
Зарядка при высокой температуре.
По примеру Datasheet на Boston Power Swing видно, что максимальная температура заряжаемого аккумулятора не должна превышать +60°С. Учитывая то, что при зарядке аккумулятор сам по себе разогревается. Поэтому, даже при температуре окружающей среды в +50 градусов уже нежелательно его заряжать. Такая ситуация может быть в солнечный летний день внутри автомобиля, если телефон находится под прямыми солнечными лучами. На этот случай в контроллере аккумулятора предусмотрен датчик температуры. Телефон прекратит брать зарядку.
Частая дозарядка при неполном разряде.
Делать это можно и очень рекомендуется. При этом увеличивается количество циклов перезаряда. По сравнению с никель кадмиевыми (NiCd) и никель металл-гидридными (NiMH) у литиевых нет «эффекта памяти». Частые подзарядки они воспринимают совершенно нормально. Старайтесь, по возможности, поддерживать уровень заряда от 20% до 80%. Не высаживайте аккумулятор «в ноль» и не держите долго полностью заряженным. Если этого не требуют особые обстоятельства.
Быстрая зарядка.
При быстрой зарядке зарядный ток выше номинального в 2 и более раз. В результате, полный заряд проходит менее чем за час. Такие режимы зарядки для обычных массовых аккумуляторов приводит к уменьшению ресурса. Возникает риск осаждения металлического лития на аноде. К тому же, повышенный ток разогревает аккумулятор. Если есть выбор между обычной и быстрой зарядкой, пользуйтесь быстрой в исключительных случаях.
А вот для литий титанатных (LTO) аккумуляторов быстрая зарядка безопасна благодаря особенным свойствам анода. Они способны заряжаться от 0 до 100% за несколько минут.
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