Какой минимальный набор нужен для сборки электровелосипеда своими руками.

Новости, Электротранспорт

В этой статье речь пойдет о том, какой понадобится минимальный набор комплектующих для сборки электровелосипеда своими руками. Чтобы уложиться в минимальный бюджет, и при этом не разочароваться в возможностях ТС. Рассказ на основе личного опыта сборки электровелосипеда, который собран в 2019 году и активно эксплуатируется почти каждый день (кроме лютой зимы).

Все комплектующие, за исключением самого велосипеда покупались на АлиЭкспресс. Таким образом получилось прилично сэкономить. Ждать посылки время было, потому что был ещё не сезон и со сборкой я не торопился.

Дольше всего длилась доставка аккумуляторов, так как их не отправляют авиапочтой. Только морем или по суше. Склады в РФ с аккумуляторами не появились и по сей день. Ждать их приходится около одного — полутора месяцев. Всё остальное можно найти и с обычной доставкой из Китая и с быстрой доставкой со складов в РФ. Второй вариант получится немного дороже.

Да, продаются и готовые наборы, но стоить они будут дороже, и часто в них включены комплектующие, которые нужны не всем.

Итак, главные составляющие бюджетного электровелосипеда:

  • двигатель
  • контроллер двигателя
  • аккумуляторная батарея
  • зарядное устройство
  • ручка газа

Двигатель

Самый бюджетный рабочий вариант — редукторное моторколесо с номинальной мощностью 250 Вт.

Моторколесо редукторное — по этой ссылке есть выбор:

  • переднее/заднее под трещотку/заднее под кассету
  • мощность 250/350/500 Вт
  • номинальное напряжение 36В

Стоимость 250 Вт на момент публикации без скидок 6314 р.

Кассеты и трещотки подходят стандартные на 6-10 звезд, которые ставятся на обычные колёса. Для себя я покупал задний двигатель под трещотку мощьностью 250 Вт. Тяги у такого двигателя вполне хватает и на старте и в движении. На местности без затяжных подъемов можно ездить вообще без педалей. Заехать например с лесной грунтовки на трассу с углом подъема в 30о с общей массой повозки до 90 кг также получается без помощи педалей. Но для частых длительных подъёмов (если не хотите крутить педали) лучше выбирать мотор мощнее. Такой будет перегреваться.

Максимальная скорость зависит от диаметра колеса, номинального напряжения мотора и от напряжения батареи. На 26-ых колесах с батареей 36 Вольт максимальная скорость будет около 25 км/ч, (~210 об/мин), с батареей 48 В 33-35 км/ч (~280 об/мин).

Мотор колёса обычно сделаны под 36 спиц. Диаметр окружности на которой в двигателе располагаются спицы — 124 мм, этот размер нужен для расчёта длины спиц. Крутящий момент моторов до 250 Вт не велик и их можно спицевать обычными спицами с толщиной от 2,32 мм (13G, 12G). Если Вам говорят, что спицы должны быть минимум 3 мм — Вам просто очень хотят продать эти спицы. При расчете длины спиц нужно учитывать, что жесткость колеса и нагрузка на спицы будет зависеть от схемы спицевания (количества перекрестий). Чем больше крестов, тем легче спице переносить удары судьбы. Оптимальным будет спицовка в 3-4 креста. Обод колеса обязательно должен быть двойным.

Контроллер двигателя

Практика показывает, что моторколесо мощностью 250 Вт можно без опаски перегрева питать через контроллер 250 Вт с максимальным током до 13 А. Но езда с таким током, мягко говоря, не очень динамична. Для лучшей динамики нужен контроллер на 350 Вт с током 15-18 А. При этом появляется риск перегреть мотор при длительной езде в сложных дорожных условиях. Статья о результате избыточного форсирования моторколеса. Но опытным путём легко выяснить, какой стиль езды приемлем для двигателя. На первых покатушках нужно будет периодически ощупывать мотор рукой для «замера температуры» корпуса. При температуре корпуса более 50оС (горячо, но рука терпит) можно с уверенностью сказать, что температура обмоток близка к 110оС При 130оС мотор скорее всего уже сгорит, так как это критическая температура изоляции обмоточных проводов.

сгоревшее моторколесо электровелосипеда

При желании максимальный ток контроллера можно как увеличить (в небольших пределах), так и уменьшить (в любых пределах), так что при небольшой разнице в цене лучше взять тот, что помощнее.

Контроллер 36/48 В 18 А 350 Вт / доставка из Китая / ускоренная доставка / подробнее о контроллере.

Контроллер 24/36 В 13 А 250 Вт /доставка из Китая / ускоренная доставка.

Аккумуляторная батарея

Аккумуляторная батарея рассчитывается в зависимости от мощности двигателя и требуемого пробега на одной зарядке. О пробеге на одной зарядке я писал в этой статье. Ориентировочно с моторколесом 250 Вт потребление будет 15-20 Вт/км.

Для электровелосипеда лучше всего рассматривать литий-ионные (Li Ion), либо литий-железо-фосфатные (LiFePO4) аккумуляторы. У первых будет преимущество в цене, габаритах и весе, у вторых в сроке эксплуатации. Приведу оба примера бюджетных аккумуляторов.

Важное требование к батарее — способность отдавать потребляемый двигателем ток. Ток подаваемый на двигатель в свою очередь ограничивает контроллер. Поэтому батарея должна отдавать ток не меньше, чем максимальный ток контроллера. Лучше, если будет запас.

Свою батарейку я собирал из ячеек LiFePO4 32700 6500 мА/ч /подробнее о них. по схеме 15S 2P. Ёмкость 11,5 А/ч, запас мощности 550 Вт/ч. Пробег на одной зарядке до 35 км. Стоимость 30 шт на момент публикации 7192 р.

Схема для 36 В 12S минимум 1P `(ёмкость получится ~5,5 А/ч) понадобится 12 шт, стоимость на момент публикации 3173 р. (пробег до 13 км)

Схема для 48 В 15S минимум 1P `(ёмкость ~5,5 А/ч) 15 шт, стоимость на момент публикации 4061 р. (пробег до 17 км)

Самый бюджетный вариант Li Ion ячейки Lanzhd INR18650 33E 3300 mAh /подробнее о них.

Схема для 36 В 10S минимум 3P `(ёмкость получится ~10 А/ч) понадобится 30 шт, стоимость на момент публикации 5640 р. (пробег до 24 км)

Схема для 48 В 13S минимум 3P `(ёмкость ~10 А/ч) 39 шт, стоимость на момент публикации 7357 р. (пробег до 32 км)

BMS батареи

Помимо самих аккумуляторов она обязательно должна быть оборудована BMS. Для чего нужна BMS можно почитать здесь. Литий без BMS — деньги на ветер. Настоятельно НЕ рекомендую игнорировать эту деталь. Батарея без такой защиты может очень быстро превратиться в кучу хлама, который может ещё и устроить пожар. С контроллером до 18 А подойдет BMS от 20А и выше. Но максимальный ток BMS не должен превышать максимально допустимый ток ячеек в батарее.

BMS для Li Ion

BMS для LiFePO4

Зарядное устройство

Напряжение зарядного устройствадолжно соответствовать напряжению полностью заряженной батареи. 36 В батарея заряжается до 42 В, 48-ми вольтовая до 54,6 В.

От зарядного тока будет зависеть скорость зарядки. Ориентировочно аккумулятор ёмкостью 10 А/ч от 0 до 80% заряжается током 2А за 5 часов, током 4А за 2,5 часа итд.

Приведенные в списке ниже ЗУ отдают заявленный ток и не вызывают нареканий по качеству. 2-х амперные работают бесшумно и имеют наименьшие габариты, но продаются с одним типом разъёмов и скорее всего придется его поменять. Остальные же более мощные и имеют внутри вентилятор для охлаждения, продаются с разными типами разъёмов на выбор.

ЗУ для литий ионного 10S или LiFePO4 12S с номинальным напряжением 36 В (42 В макс):

  • 2А цена на момент публикации 691 р.
  • 4А цена на момент публикации 3189 р.
  • 5А цена на момент публикации 4227 р.

Для литий ионного 13S или LiFePO4 15S с номинальным напряжением 48 В (54,6 В макс):

  • 2А цена на момент публикации 806 р.
  • 3А цена на момент публикации 3189 р.
  • 4А цена на момент публикации 4227 р.

Ручка газа

И , наконец, последнее, что обязательно понадобится. Бывают ручки газа на датчике холла и на резистивном датчике. Последние дешевле, но крайне ненадёжны и я приведу ссылку только для того, чтобы посмотреть, но не покупать.

Вот два лучших бюджетных варианта газулек с датчиком холла приемлемого качества:

Ручка газа с курком под большой палец с дополнительной кнопкой и вольтметром цена на момент публикации 592 р.

С красным индикатором вольтметра (лучше видно в солнечный день)

Ручка газа куркового типа

Вольтметр будет очень кстати, так как с его помощью можно следить за уровнем заряда аккумулятора. Измеряемое напряжение 24 — 72 В. На кнопку можно вывести провод включения контроллера «зажигание». Если всё это покупать отдельно, получится дороже.

Ручка газа мотоциклетного типа (половинчатая) с замком зажигания и вольтметром цена на момент публикации 790 р.

Ручка газа половинчатая мото

Объединяет также три полезные функции и по удобству использования и надежности превосходит первую. Вольтметр от 12 до 72 В.

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