Внутреннее сопротивление это одна из важнейших характеристик аккумулятора. Чем меньше этот показатель, тем больший ток аккумулятор способен отдавать в нагрузку.
Если взять два аккумулятора одинаковой ёмкости с разным внутренним сопротивлением и разрядить их на нагрузку одинаковой мощности, энергии на нагрузке выделится не одинаковое количество. Часть энергии выделится на аккумуляторе в виде тепла. Аккумулятор с бОльшим внутренним сопротивлением будет греться больше и отдаст меньше энергии. При сборке аккумуляторной батареи также важно подобрать элементы по внутреннему сопротивлению, как и по ёмкости, чтобы добиться максимально эффективной работы.
Как внутреннее сопротивление влияет на производительность аккумулятора.
Схема из аккумулятора и резистора, как на рисунке выше поможет объяснить то, для чего мы здесь собрались.
Напряжение аккумулятора U=3,7 В, ёмкость 3 А/ч (для упрощения расчетов аккумулятор будет выдавать на всём протяжении разряда одинаковое напряжение), сопротивление резистора Rнагр=1 Ом. Условно представим что они соединены идеальными проводами с нулевым сопротивлением. Сопротивление амперметра также нулевое. Сопротивление вольтметра бесконечно велико. То есть амперметр, вольтметр и провода никаких влияний на нашу цепь не оказывают. Ток течет только через аккумулятор и нагрузку.
По закону Ома сила тока в цепи должна быть I=U/Rнагр, то есть 3,7/1=3,7А, но амперметр покажет меньший ток, к примеру 3 ампера. Это произошло из-за того, что в цепи есть ещё одно сопротивление — сопротивление аккумулятора. Идеальных источников тока, как и идеальных проводов, амперметров и других вещей в реальности не бывает.
Мы можем найти это сопротивление используя тот же закон Ома:
Rвн=U/I-Rнагр=3,7/3-1=0,23 Ом
А теперь посчитаем сколько мощности выделится на аккумуляторе в виде тепла за 1 час (за такое время он отдаст весь заряд):
P=I2 *Rвн=3*3*0,23=2,07 Вт
На резисторе в то же время выделится:
3*3*1=9 Вт, (а могло бы быть, в случае с идеальным аккумулятором — 3,7*3,7*1=13,69 Вт)
Общий выход мощности на аккумуляторе и нагрузке составит Pобщ=2,07+9=11,07 Вт
Учитывая то, что в ячейке 18650 может быть запасено около 9 — 12,5 Вт энергии, из которых 2 Вт уйдут в нагрев, перспектива использования оказывается непривлекательной. Аккумулятор будет перегреваться. В реальных условиях аккумулятор с таким большим внутренним сопротивлением уже пора отправить на покой, либо разряжать низким током. Например при разряде током 1А картина будет немного лучше:
P=I2 *Rвн=1*1*0,23=0,23 Вт, за время полного разряда (3А/ч израсходуется за 3 часа) 0,23*3=0,69 Вт
Такой ток будет в цепи с нагрузкой сопротивлением Rнагр=3,47 Ом и на нагрузке мощности выделится уже больше:
P=I2 *Rнагр=1*1*3,47=3,47 Вт, за 3 часа — 3,47*3=10,41 Вт (вместо 9 как прошлый раз)
В сумме получим такую же общую мощность Pобщ=0,69+10,41=11,1 Вт (погрешность в 0,03 Вт получилась из-за округления при расчетах)
Именно поэтому необходимо учитывать внутреннее сопротивление аккумулятора и чем мощней нагрузка, тем оно должно быть ниже для эффективной и безопасной работы.
Более реалистичные сопротивления у современных среднетоковых литий ионных аккумуляторов, например формата 18650 составляет порядка 40 мОм (милли Ом), у высокотоковых — менее 30 мОм.
Измерение внутреннего сопротивления.
Существует несколько методик измерения внутреннего сопротивления. Две из них прописаны в ГОСТ Р МЭК 61960-2007. Перед замером любым из приведенных ниже методов аккумулятор должен быть полностью заряжен. Испытания проводятся при температуре 20±5ºC.
Измерение внутреннего сопротивления методом переменного тока (а.с.)
С помощью этого метода измеряется импеданс, который на частоте 1000 Гц приблизительно равен сопротивлению.
Электрический импеданс (комплексное электрическое сопротивление) (англ. impedance от лат. impedio «препятствовать») — комплексное сопротивление между двумя узлами цепи или двухполюсника для гармонического сигнала.
Описание методики из ГОСТ
В течение одной — пяти секунд измеряем среднеквадратичное значение переменного напряжения Urms, возникающего при прохождении через аккумулятор переменного тока со среднеквадратичным значением Irms , следующего с частотой 1000 Гц. Внутреннее сопротивление Ra.c., Ом рассчитываем по формуле Ra.c.= Urms / Irms .
Irms (rms — Root Mean Square – среднеквадратичное значение).
Переменный ток должен иметь такое значение, чтобы пиковое напряжение не превышало 20 мВ.
Этот метод сложно воплотить в домашних условиях без специального оборудования. Популярный прибор YR1035 отлично справляется с измерениями с точностью 0,01 мОм. Зарядные устройства SKYRC MC3000 ,Opus BT-C3100V2.2, Liitokala Lii-500 также измеряют методом АС, но весьма с посредственной точностью.
Измерение внутреннего сопротивления методом постоянного тока (d.c.)
Этот метод возможно выполнить в домашних условиях с помощью обычных вольтметра и амперметра и пары подходящих нагрузочных сопротивлений. В качестве сопротивлений вполне можно использовать несколько автомобильных ламп накаливания или импровизированный резистор из нихромовой проволоки.
Описание метода из ГОСТ
- Разряжаем аккумулятор постоянным током I1= 0,2 Iн. На десятой секунде измеряем значение напряжения U1 на клеммах аккумулятора.
- Увеличиваем разрядный ток до значения I2=Iн. На следующей секунде измеряем значение напряжения U2 на клеммах аккумулятора.
Внутреннее сопротивление Rd.c., Ом рассчитываем по формуле Rd.c. = (U1-U2)/(I2-I1)
- Iн — номинальный ток разряда аккумулятора.
Сопротивление R1 и R2 подбирается таким образом, чтобы протекали токи I1 и I2 нужной величины. Ориентироваться нужно на номинальный разрядный ток аккумулятора.
Вольтметр необходимо подключать непосредственно на полюса источника, чтобы исключить влияние от падения напряжения на проводах .
От чего зависит внутреннее сопротивление аккумуляторов.
Производство.
Изначально, на этапе производства аккумуляторов этот параметр конечно заложен в «рецепт». Ячейка может быть либо мощной и отдавать большой ток (низкое внутреннее сопротивление), либо более энергоёмкой. При условии одинаковых прочих составляющих (компонентов электродов, химии электролита итд.) в более ёмких ячейках необходима бОльшая площадь обкладок. И для того, чтобы эта конструкция уместилась в предоставленный объём, необходимо эти обкладки сделать тоньше. И наоборот. Тонкие обкладки естественно имеют большее сопротивление.
Также влияют и расстояние между электродами, толщина и вещество их обмазки, толщина сепаратора, химия электролита и множество других факторов. Из-за производственного брака ячейки, сделанные по одному «рецепту» могут отличаться как по внутреннему сопротивлению, так и по ёмкости, сроку жизни итд. Из-за длительного и неправильного хранения по пути к потребителю качество также страдает.
Эксплуатация.
Rвн изменяется в зависимости от степени заряженности аккумулятора. При низком и высоком уровне заряда растёт, в среднем — минимально.
Температура электролита (чем холоднее тем выше сопротивление). При отрицательных температурах большинство литий-ионных и литий-полимерных ячеек на столько увеличивают внутреннее сопротивление, что использовать их становится невозможно. Литий-железо-фосфатные и литий-титанатные при таких условиях ведут себя гораздо лучше.
Также в процессе эксплуатации, по мере износа элемента Rвн будет увеличиваться.
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