BMS плата для литиевых аккумуляторов для чего она нужна.
Аббревиатура BMS означает — Battery Monitoring System — система мониторинга батареи.
BMS это неотъемлемая часть правильной литиевой аккумуляторной батареи. Большинство опасных ситуаций при использовании литиевых аккумуляторов возникает из-за неправильной эксплуатации. Самый минимум правил для лития- нельзя заряжать выше максимума, разряжать ниже минимума, разряжать и заряжать током большим, чем рекомендован производителем. Электронные платы BMS создаются для контроля самых разных параметров батарей. Основные функций:
- защита от превышения отдаваемого тока
- от переЗАРЯДа
- от переРАЗРЯДа
- защита от перегрева
- балансировка ячеек
или их комбинации.
Защита от превышения отдаваемого тока
При выборе платы BMS нужно учитывать на какой максимальный ток рассчитаны Ваши аккумуляторы. Ток срабатывания защиты не должен превышать это значение. Иначе никакого смысла в такой защите не будет. Если схема батареи подразумевает параллельное включение банок, например 3s 2p, ток срабатывания защиты должен быть не более чем в 2 раза больше максимального тока одной банки. Если отдаваемый ток превысит порог срабатывания защиты, аккумулятор будет отключен от нагрузки. Работоспособность восстановится автоматически если проблемы в нагрузке будут устранены.
Защита от переЗАРЯДа
Напряжение на каждой секции батареи непрерывно измеряется и при полном заряде включается функция балансировки и когда все секции батареи окажутся заряженными до верхнего предела, вся батарея будет отключена от зарядного устройства.
Защита от переРАЗРЯДа
Если хотя-бы одна из секций окажется разряженной до минимума, вся батарея будет отключена от нагрузки.
Защита от перегрева
С помощью термодатчика измеряется температура батареи. Датчик должен быть в надежном тепловом контакте хотя-бы с одной из банок аккумулятора. При перегреве соответственно BMS отключает аккумулятор от нагрузки или зарядки.
Балансировка
При последовательном соединении аккумуляторов одновременно заряжаться и разряжаться они будут только в том случае, если у них будут идентичны емкость и внутреннее сопротивление. На практике это бывает крайне редко. Даже незначительная разница этих параметров приведет через несколько циклов заряд-разряд к существенной разнице напряжений на каждой секции. Суть балансировки заключается в принудительном выравнивании напряжений на каждой секции. Есть два типа балансировки — пассивная и активная.
Пассивная балансировка
Проще и надежней по схемотехнике. Она начинает работать только в конце заряда. Секции, на которых напряжение уже достигло верхнего уровня заряда шунтируются резисторами и часть зарядного тока выделяется на них в виде тепла. Отстающие секции продолжают заряжаться. Так происходит до тех пор, пока все секции не достигнут 100% заряда. Если у Вас именно такой метод балансировки, нужно обязательно заряжать батарею до конца, иначе балансировка не произойдет. В конце разряда батарея отключится ориентируясь на слабейшую секцию.
BMS для литий ионных / литий-железо-фосфатных аккумуляторов
Активная балансировка
Сложнее и дороже, но имеет свои преимущества. На всём протяжении работы аккумуляторной батареи происходит выравнивание напряжений. У секций с бОльшим напряжением отнимается часть заряда и отдается секциям с меньшим напряжением. Батарею нет необходимости заряжать всегда до конца. И нижний предел заряда используется равномернее у всех. Батарея отключится когда уровень заряда будет 0% у всех элементов.
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